Fomichev Egor

Research"How is a felt boot born?" completed by student Egor Fomichev, under the guidance of the teacher primary classes Ermakova Tatyana Vladimirovna.

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Municipal government educational institution

"Novoyarkovsk secondary school"

Kamensky district

Topic: “How is a felt boot born?”

Nomination: “Technology”

Novoyarki 2013

Introduction

Felt boots, felt boots...oh, the old ones are not hemmed...

In a region with such a harsh climate as Siberia, it is impossible to live without warm clothes and shoes. As they say, without a fur coat and felt boots and winter without end! In felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. This unique shoe - without beginning, without end, without seam, without scar - was held in high esteem in Rus' by every rank and class, even by crowned heads.

I became interested in finding out how an ordinary piece of wool turns into felt boots and whether it is possible to make felt boots at home.

The purpose of my research:

Find out how felt boots are born.

Tasks:

1. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared.

2. Assess the attitude of our school students towards felt boots.

3. Study the process of making felt boots.

4. Make felt boots at home.

Object my research are felt boots.

Item research – wool felting technology.

Hypothesis: I suggested that after studying the process of felting felt boots and learning all the secrets of felting masters, even a junior school student can make decorative felt boots at home.

Chapter I. Where and when did the first felt boots appear?

1.1.History of the appearance of felt boots

The history of the creation of felt boots began approximately 1500 years ago, the prototype of which were boots made of felt. They were mainly worn by the nomads of the Great Steppe and Southern Rus'. Some sources believe that felt boots began to appear in early XVIII V. Felt boots were widely used only at the beginning of the 19th century, when they began to be made for industrial purposes. Until this time, only wealthy people could afford them; they were quite expensive.

Since the middle of the 18th century, the Yaroslavl province has been considered the center of the fulling trade; subsequently, local sheep breeding was increased. Wool for the production of felt boots, from the Romanov breed of sheep, is the best raw material, it is characterized by increased “felling ability”. In the Yaroslavl province in 1904, the largest factory at that time for the production of felt boots was founded

Felt boots have become such a part of our lives that it seems they have existed from time immemorial. However, the widespread idea of ​​the antiquity of felt boots is erroneous. In fact, neither under Peter I, nor even more so under Dmitry Donskoy, there were felted shoes. The first felt boots, according to costume historians, appeared in the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province only at the very end of the 18th century (although residents of the Yaroslavl province and the ancient town of Myshkin defend their patent for their invention). Earlier information about the existence of felt boots cannot be traced either from ethnographic data or from historical documents.

But the material from which felt boots are made has been known since the 4th century BC - it is to this time that archaeologists attribute the wool products discovered in Altai during excavations of the Pazyryk mound.

The most ancient products made from felted sheep wool are carpets and saddle cloths. This method of processing wool was well known to the nomadic tribes of the Eurasian steppes, as well as to the mountain pastoralists of Tibet, the Pamirs, the Caucasus and the Carpathians. From felted felt they sewed warm and reliable coverings for the home - felt mats, made felt pillows, sleeping mats, shoe insoles and stocking liners. leather boot. Thus, it is possible that the wool-beating business penetrated into the open spaces Ancient Rus' thanks to the neighborhood and constant contacts with the Turkic peoples.

1.2.How felt boots were treated in the past

As already mentioned, the first felt boots in the form of a solid boot appeared at the end of the 18th century. But since there were few felting artisans, and the production technology was kept secret, passed down from generation to generation (industrial production of felt boots began only at the end of the 19th century), felt boots were expensive, they were worn only by wealthy people. They treated felt boots with trepidation: upon entering a new house, the owner put them in a place of honor near the stove. A family that had at least one felt boots was considered rich. They were cherished, worn according to seniority and passed on as inheritance. Receiving such a gift was considered good luck. The one who had felt boots was considered an enviable groom among the girls. And an unmarried girl, in order to attract the attention of her beloved guy, threw her felt boots into his yard - they say, send matchmakers.

The royals also did not neglect felt boots. A great fashionista and owner of a huge wardrobe, Catherine the Great wore felt boots under her crinoline, thus saving her sore legs. Soft combs made of fine black wool were specially invented for her.

The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. They say that the shortage of felt products was due to the defeat in the Finnish war. But we defeated Napoleon and Hitler thanks to a sufficient amount of warm shoes.

Without felt boots, it would be impossible to explore the northern regions and equip expeditions to the North and South Poles.

1.3.How are felt boots treated these days?

Over the past decades, felt boots have become less popular due to the transformation of Russian winters into soft and slushy ones, being replaced by lighter and more water-resistant shoes. Felt boots are considered traditional village shoes; in cities they are usually worn by small children, or they are worn in severe frosts, when other shoes offer little protection from the cold.

However, today felt boots are regaining the love of city residents, and for designers and fashion designers they are becoming an attractive object of creativity.

I became interested in how the students of our school feel about felt boots. We prepared small questionnaires and asked schoolchildren from grades 1 to 11 to answer several questions regarding felt boots.

Questionnaire:

1. Have you ever worn felt boots?
2. Do you have felt boots?
3. Do you know the technology for making felt boots?
4. Do you know about the healing properties of felt boots?
5. Do you think that felt boots are necessary footwear for winter?

The survey results are shown in the diagram in Fig. 1

The diagram shows the positive responses from survey participants. 75 students participated in the survey, approximately the same number from primary school, middle school and high school. The diagram shows that primary school students, compared to high school students, answered positively to questions 1 and 2 regarding the presence of felt boots in children and the wearing of felt boots. And to the remaining questions, the junior grades gave fewer positive answers than the high school students; these are questions related to the technology of making felt boots and the benefits of felt boots; the high school students turned out to be more knowledgeable. But on last question Almost all students gave a positive answer, and kids and adults agreed that felt boots are simply necessary for our winter.

1.4.About the benefits of felt boots

Felt boots are a useful thing. In every way. And all thanks to sheep wool. It not only reliably warms, but also heals. Healing properties felt shoes were noticed back in the time of Peter I. Medicine confirms the beneficial effects of felt boots on human health.

· Natural fibers of felt felt wool have a high heat capacity, which allows your feet not to freeze at very low temperatures

· Felt boots protect a person’s foot not only from cold, but also from heat. Feet in felt boots do not sweat, since wool fibers provide natural air circulation.

· Natural sheep's wool perfectly absorbs and evaporates moisture, while remaining dry. It is this dry heat that helps with colds.

· Wool is rich in lanolin, which brings relief from rheumatism, radiculitis and other diseases of muscles and joints, as well as accelerating the healing of wounds and fractures.

· Felt boots are also often recommended for people with impaired circulatory system. When worn on a bare foot, felted shoes have a massage effect. Due to friction, an electrostatic field is created, which helps improve blood circulation.

· Felt boots are very useful for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, because the foot in such shoes does not deform; moreover, felted shoes allow air to pass through, which prevents the development of fungal diseases.

· Felt boots help relieve nervous tension, a feeling of fatigue and heaviness in the legs, and back pain.

· Natural wool felt boots have positive energy for humans.

Chapter II. Felt boots manufacturing technology

2.1.How boots are made

The production of real felt boots is very labor-intensive. The expression “simple as felt boots” can only be attributed to their shape. In handicraft production, the raw material for making felt boots is usually sheep wool - letnina, or shreds, removed from sheep in the summer. First, it is freed from impurities - blades of grass, thorns - and broken down, turning it into a soft and fluffy mass. The more summer boots there are, the softer they are.

The loosened wool is folded into the shape of a large sock and begins to be rolled, or more correctly, felted. This is where the word felt boots comes from (the second name is wire rods or katants). They do this with their hands (which requires a lot of strength) and by twisting it onto a special rolling pin that looks like a tetrahedral stick. The result is a thick, dense wool sock. To make the felt boots soft, pour hot water over them and continue felting. As the felling process progresses, the felt boots become smaller and smaller. Then the felt boot toe and heel are made. To make the felt boots warmer and denser, they are ground on a special board with ribs. It's called derguch. Then the felt boots are put on a collapsible wooden block and straightened with a wooden mallet. Then the surface of the felt boots is rubbed with pumice and placed in an oven to dry. For final finishing, the dried felt boots are rubbed again with pumice or a wooden block.

In addition to the usual technology, there were many different “secrets”. Thus, alum, copper sulfate and blue sandalwood were used to blacken felt, and to lighten the felt the master used white mixed with fresh milk. The resulting mixture was rubbed into felt until dry and placed in a low-heat oven “to free spirit”

2.2.Making felt boots at home

Having studied the technology of making felt boots, we went to the famous teacher and pimokat of our village and Yakov Ivanovich Glebov, who talked about how he himself made felt boots. He warned us that the process was complex and time-consuming, but we still tried to make small decorative felt boots ourselves. We took a small amount of wool, combed it and wrapped it in felt boots, then dipped the pieces in hot water and crushed them with our fingers and a rolling pin. Do this several times. The felt boots turned out to be soft and not very regular in shape. We did not have necessary tools and accessories, but still, we ended up with real felt boots, albeit decorative ones.

Conclusion

At the beginning of the research, I wanted to find out how felt boots are born.

Using various sources of information: Internet resources, a conversation with a specialist, a survey, I found out:

1. The roots of fulling art go back centuries;
2. The students of our school generally have a positive attitude towards felt boots; many have felt boots and wear them, and junior schoolchildren more than the elders. But little is known about the manufacturing technology and benefits of felt boots.
3. To make felt boots, a property of wool fibers called felling ability is used. Processing wool with water and an alkaline solution, as well as using a collapsible block, handicraftsmen roll warm shoes - one of the symbols of Russia - felt boots.
4. Making felt boots is a complex and labor-intensive process, but even at home it is possible to make felt boots.

To sum it up, I can do general conclusion: my assumption that it is possible to make felt boots at home was confirmed. I have learned from my own experience that felting is a long process, requiring effort and perseverance, but at the same time very exciting. It’s amazing how a felt boot is created from a piece of unspun wool by friction and soaking - the face of our culture, cheerful, laughing, warm, cozy, welcoming and very simple.

Sources

1. Burakova A. There is something to wear to a sweetheart // Ethnosphere. - 2008. - N 2. - P. 43-46.

2. Valenki. Book for everyone who knows the price of this will notice. rus. shoes - M.: Resurrection, 1994. - 221 p.

3. Gusev F. How felt and felt boots are made. Guide for handicraftsmen / Gusev F. - L.: Publishing house "Mysl", 1925. - 32 p.

4. Kruglova G. Let’s roll our felt boots // Folk art. – 2004. - N 6. - P. 34-37.

5. Electronic resource: http://istoriya-sozdaniya.ru/index.php/v/52-istoriya-valenki

6. Electronic resource: http://www.apatitylibr.ru/index.php/

Irina Arkhipova
Abstract of the research work “What is the secret of felt boots”

Relevant t: Valenki– these are the most suitable shoes for our winter. They are warm and cozy. I asked how they do it felt boots and from what? Mom replied that felt boots felted from sheep's wool, but it is very hard work. Now they are made in factories, but before they were lying around at home.

I was wondering if I could make it myself felt boots.

An object - felt boots.

Item - manufacturing felt boots.

Goal – Find out why felt boots warm and whether they can be made at home.

Hypothesis:

I suggested that if I find out how and what they make felt boots, then I can make them myself, I can understand and prove why they are warm. To do this I need to find out what they are made of felt boots, and why do they keep your feet warm?

Tasks research:

1. find out what they are made of felt boots;

2. learn how to felt felt boots;

3. do felt boots at home.

4. prove that felt boots are useful and comfortable shoes, especially for residents of our Northern Republic.

Methods research:

1. Information (study of children's educational literature, interviewing adults, watching videos)

2. Experimentation.

3. Observation.

4. Analysis.

Novelty research:

I was very interested in how I could make felt boots and what can I make it from?

2. Theoretical part

Felt boots- this is an old one winter shoes. Therefore, we decided to turn to adults for help, working in kindergarten.We asked them a question: What's happened felt boots? Why do children wear felt boots? What do they know about felt boots? Felt boots- warm felt boots made of felted sheep wool; Most often they are made hard, but they can also be soft, suitable for other shoes. From the adults' responses I learned that felt boots made from sheep's wool, feet shod in felt boots feel comfortable, warm and dry, and this is very pleasant. Valenki have their own history. Russian people wear felt boots for several centuries. During the Great Patriotic War felt boots protected Russian soldiers from frost. For a soldier going to serve, nothing is more expensive at all felt boots there was no such thing - warm and durable shoes not only protected from the cold, but also in battle could protect the feet from small fragments. And now felt boots are part special clothing for people who workin our northern republic: oil workers, gas workers, railway workers and soldiers. Also during the conversations, I learned that felt boots, like the Russian nesting doll, is a national attribute of Russia.

3. Practical part

1. Experience "Warm or Cold"

To conduct this experiment, I took a boot and felt boots, put a toy in each of them and sent it to the freezer to find out which toy would freeze faster. After a while we took the shoes out of the freezer and took out the toys. Having put both toys to my cheeks, I felt that one toy, which was lying in the boot, became cold, and the one that was in felt boots remained warm.

We have proven that felt boots retains heat and therefore the foot does not freeze.

2. Experience “Why doesn’t a piece of ice melt?”

We put two ice lumps - one on a saucer, the other wrapped in paper napkin, lowered into felt boots. After some time, we noticed that the snow on the saucer began to melt, became small and gray, and no felt boots. So what, maybe felt boots don't warm at all, but is it cold? Why do we wear it in cold weather? felt boots, and our feet are warm and not cold? It's simple felt boots did not allow room heat to reach the ice. And from this ice flakes felt boots were cold. That's why she didn't melt.

3. Study of wool

When examining the wool under a microscope, I realized that the wool is not smooth, but has scales that cling tightly to each other - this is the process of felting.

4. Create your own felt boots.

For this we first:

Cut out the template.

Cover the template with a layer of wool in one direction, slightly extending beyond the edge of the template.

Wetted the first layer of wool soap solution and turned the template over to the other side.

We did the same.

And so we repeated until we got a dense layer.

Then we started felting. We moistened the template with soapy water, put it in a plastic bag and began to crush it and press it with a kitchen rolling pin. We removed excess foam and water. Then the workpiece was cut into two equal parts, the template was removed and the pedal mold was removed.

Conclusion.

Practical significance research:

I will know why in felt boots It’s warm and I will only recommend wearing it in winter felt boots.

Conclusion about the results obtained research:

As a result of its work I found out beneficial features felt boots, learned that they are made from wool, the method of their manufacture. My hypothesis was partially confirmed; you can make it at home felt boots, but with the help of an adult, but real felt boots can only be made by a true master

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"Felt boots, felt boots

Eh, you’re hemmed in, old ladies...”

Russian folk song

In our area, winter is harsh, and you can’t live without warm clothes and shoes. And in felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. This unique - without beginning, without end, without seam, without scar - shoes have been held in high esteem since ancient times both in villages and big cities. And in our time, many do not part with it during snowstorms and cold.

I was interested to know how relevant felting felt boots is today and the demand for them.

The purpose of my research:

Find out how felt boots are born and what is the demand for felt boots.

Tasks:

1. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared.

2. Using technology, make felt boots at home.

3. Assess the attitude of Tuba residents towards felt boots.

Object my research are felt boots.

Item research - wool felting technology and the relevance of felt boots today.

First of all, I surveyed my classmates and found that most of them know little about the history and making of felt boots; they believe that felt boots are an unpopular, outdated type of footwear and although they are reluctant to wear them.

From literary and Internet sources, I learned that priority in the invention of felted shoes belongs to the steppe nomadic peoples. From nomads this type of footwear spread to Rus'. The first mention of felt boots goes back to “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” In the 18th century, felt boots acquired their usual appearance: artisans of the Yaroslavl region came up with the idea of ​​felting them entirely, including the boot, using a collapsible wooden block. Felting technology was passed down from generation to generation, and therefore each craftsman had his own secret and the felt boots were special.

Everyone knows that one of the handicrafts of the village of Tubinsky was and is the production of felted shoes. Craftsmen B.R. Aleksandrov, Ulyabaev.., R. Gibadatova are famous for rolling pims and beating wool... They don’t do it exclusively on orders, but when “the soul asks.” I was able to visit all the workshops of these craftsmen.

From a conversation with them, I concluded that the old masters did not have the same strength. Gradually the sheep are being driven out of the village. And the most important thing is that there is nowhere to beat wool, and it’s a little expensive to travel to Baymak every time.

Felt boots are specially processed wool, a technology called felting. Wool is the only fiber with felling capacity. Rolling ability is achieved under mechanical influences under conditions of humidity, temperature and acidic environment.

Felting now - fashionable look handicrafts. Designers describe two methods of felting: dry and wet. The dry felting technique is the felting of wool using needles. Technique wet felting- This is a felting technology using water and soap. This is the old-fashioned technology for making felt boots. Felting felt boots is not a discovery for me, because my grandmother herself makes this type of footwear for us and friends, putting the warmth of her soul into them. Guided by A. Zaitseva’s master class, I made felt boots myself. Pimokat master R. Gibadatova rated them “5”.

But how do the residents of Tuba themselves feel about felt boots? I found out this using a questionnaire. The older generation of villagers wear felt boots with pleasure and praise him in every possible way. The middle ones claim that it is inconvenient, although it retains heat better, so they only wear it outside, and prefer boots to work.

How much better does it retain heat?! So that this question does not remain rhetorical, I conducted an experiment. She took a felt boot and a boot, in which she had previously “hid” the thermometers, and took them out into the street. After waiting for half an hour, I compared them. I was surprised by the big difference on the thermometers and I was convinced that the proverb “Trust, but verify” is true.

In the course of my work I found out:

the roots of felting craft go back centuries;

for the manufacture of felt boots, the property of wool fibers, such as felling ability, is used;

Processing wool with water and an alkaline solution, and also using a collapsible block, handicraftsmen roll warm shoes - one of the symbols of Russia - felt boots.

Bakieva Ilgiza N., 2nd grade student of MOBU Secondary School with. Tubinsky, head of Halfina G.R. - primary school teacher.

The relevance of making shoes from wool is primarily due to the fact that this type of footwear is traditionally considered the warmest and most comfortable in the Russian winter. The manufacturing process does not require large expenses, and the products are sold at high speed and at high prices. The bright design and exclusivity of felt boots make them even more attractive to consumers. In the summer, sales of slippers, bags, car mats, souvenirs and other felt products are good.

Currently, continuous production of felt boots and hand-made felted shoes are widespread.

Product varieties

• children's and adults (by size);
• grey, white, black, colored (felt type);
• decorated (exclusive, designer);
• souvenir and decorative;
• for fishermen, for a summer residence;
• on the sole, burqas.

In addition to felt boots, the following types of felt products can be produced: bags, slippers, rugs, vests, medical belts, insoles and much more.

Sales market Wholesale and Retail:

• individuals;
• shoe stores;
• online stores;
• Russian army.

Business organization

Raw materials sheep wool (coarse and semi-coarse) is used for the production of felted shoes. In some cases, manufacturers use other types of wool. Felt boots are decorated with embroidery, beads, and fur. Often, in order to increase the range, rubber or rubber soles are used.

Necessary equipment for the production of felt boots

		Accuracy: 0.5 g to 5 kg Cost: 8500 rub.
		Capacity: 5 kg/h Cost: 80,000 rub.
		Steam output: 90g/min Cost: 23,900 rub.
		Capacity: 8 kg/h Cost: 90,000 rub.
	Lasts without shaft *	Cost: 4500 rub. (set, sizes 35-46)
	Rolling pin MA 9001, ruble, ruffled	Total cost: 2450 rub.

* Wooden blocks with a boot are made to order, their cost is about 4,000 rubles.

A separate business option could be for craftswomen to decorate ready-made pairs of shoes purchased wholesale from factories. This is a simple process that takes little time. The cost of a decorated felt boot increases by 3-8 thousand rubles.

Feasibility study of the project

Capital expenditures

• Equipment - RUB 194,000.
• Additional equipment - 15,000 rubles.
• Delivery and installation - 29,000 rubles.
• Preparing the premises - not required
• Inventory for 2 months - 14,000 rubles.
• Business registration and other expenses - RUB 100,000.

Total initial costs for the production of felt boots: 352 000 rubles

Revenue calculation

* Business profitability is indicated according to the expert opinion of the author of the article.