Rubella is an acute infectious disease.
The main symptoms are that intoxication with this infection is mild, the deterioration of the general condition is insignificant. The temperature is subfebrile (37.2-37.5), sometimes up to 38 degrees. Lethargy, malaise, headache. The posterior cervical and occipital lymph nodes almost always enlarge, and a rash appears. The rash first appears on the face, then spreads throughout the body within a few hours. It is mainly localized on the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, around the joints, on the back and buttocks. Rash Pink colour, often not abundant, has a spotty character, appears on days 1-3 of the disease, lasts 2-3 days, then quickly disappears, leaving no pigmentation or peeling. Catarrhal phenomena from the upper respiratory tract in the form of a slight runny nose and cough usually appear simultaneously with the rash. Sometimes there is pain in the joints.
Who is sick - rubella used to be called a “childhood” disease, since it mainly affected children. Now that preventive vaccinations against rubella are carried out, this infection has “matured”; unvaccinated adolescents and adults get sick more young. The course of their disease is often severe. Arthralgia or arthritis are observed; in extremely rare cases (1 in 100,000 cases), complications in the form of serous meningitis, encephalitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura are possible.
Rubella is especially dangerous for pregnant women, since the disease in the first 3 months of pregnancy can cause birth defects development and deformities in the child. In case of intrauterine infection of the fetus, stillbirth, blindness, deafness, heart defects, etc. are possible.
Hospitalization of the patient is carried out according to clinical and epidemiological indications: severe forms of the disease, as well as patients from children's institutions with permanent stay of children, hostels, living in unfavorable living conditions.
Treatment of rubella is symptomatic (antipyretic drugs, vitamins, antiallergic drugs, plenty of fluids).
The source of infection for rubella is a sick person; infection occurs when talking, coughing, sneezing.
The patient is considered infectious 7 days before the onset of clinical symptoms of the disease and within 7 days from the onset of the rash, so patients are isolated for at least 7 days from the onset of the rash.
People become ill with rubella 2-3 weeks after communicating with a sick person. Susceptibility is 100%, but some cases are asymptomatic.
People do not get sick with rubella again - immunity after the disease is lifelong.
Prevention is the only way to protect against infection - vaccination, in accordance with the National Calendar preventive vaccinations Children are vaccinated against rubella twice - vaccination at 1 year and revaccination at 6 years. In addition, girls and women from 18 to 25 years of age are subject to double vaccination against rubella.
Anti-epidemic measures - quarantine is not imposed in adult groups.
In organized preschool groups and schools, when a patient with suspected rubella is identified, contact persons are observed for 21 days from the moment the first case of the disease is identified in the outbreak. Mass events are prohibited. Frequent ventilation of the premises and wet cleaning are carried out.
Pregnant women in areas of rubella infection are subject to medical observation and serological examination to identify congenital pathology of the fetus.
If you or your child gets sick with rubella, you must:
Urgently seek medical help (call a doctor from the clinic at your place of residence);
Do not visit the clinic yourself, but wait for the doctor;
Before the doctor arrives, reduce contacts with relatives, friends and other people to a minimum;
Do not self-medicate!
Measles and rubella are considered “traditional” childhood diseases. However, few people think that these infections are not so “innocent” if the child has not been vaccinated in a timely manner. What is the danger of each of these ailments?
Measles and Rubella are infections that have much in common. The causative agents are viruses. The route of transmission is airborne. A characteristic feature of the clinic is a rash.
Measles
The measles virus enters the body through Airways, where it multiplies and enters the blood. The virus spreads through the blood to various organs, affecting the tonsils, liver, lungs, and bone marrow.
Clinic. Measles begins with symptoms similar to acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) (fever, cough, runny nose, lacrimation). This condition persists for 2-3 days, after which a bright red, confluent rash appears, initially on the face, behind the ears, then spreads throughout the body. A person with measles is contagious to others 4 days before and 4 days after the rash appears.
Complications. Measles is dangerous due to complications such as inflammation of the middle ear, lungs, trachea, bronchi, as well as inflammation of the meninges and pneumonia. Measles can lead to lifelong disability due to brain damage, as well as blindness (due to damage to the sclera and cornea) and deafness.
Treatment.TO or is difficult to treat. There is no specific drug to treat measles. Antibiotics are prescribed only to treat complications from measles. Patients with measles need a diet rich in vitamins (vegetables, fruits, juices) and plenty of fluids.
Rubella is a disease that cripples unborn children.
Rubella is dangerous for pregnant women. When a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, the virus is transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, causing the development of multiple birth defects in the fetus and complications in pregnant women, such as abortion and stillbirth. The child has intrauterine damage to the organs of vision, hearing, heart, liver, and bones. As a result, the child is born blind, deaf, with heart defects, and mental retardation.
Clinic. Rubella occurs with minor symptoms characteristic of ARVI, and in 30-50% it occurs without clinical manifestations. The rash appears first on the face, gradually covering the entire body. The rash with rubella is not as bright as with measles and does not merge. Sometimes there is mild itching in the area of the rash. A person with rubella is most contagious to others 7 days before and 7 days after the rash appears. Swelling of the occipital lymph nodes is typical.
Treatment.Sp There is no specific drug to treat rubella. During the period of rash, bed rest is necessary. The patient should be provided with adequate nutrition and plenty of fluids. In case of complications, urgent hospitalization is necessary.
How to protect yourself?
The only reliable protection against measles and rubella is vaccination. Vaccinations are carried out in accordance with the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations free of charge in the clinic at the place of medical care and in preschool and school educational institutions.
Vaccination against measles carried out at the age of 12 months, before school at 6 years. For adults under the age of 35, who have not been vaccinated before, have no information about measles vaccinations, and have not had measles before.
According to epidemic indications, contact persons from foci of the disease who have not been sick, not vaccinated and have no information about preventive vaccinations against measles, vaccinated once without any age limit, are vaccinated.
Vaccination against rubella It is given to children at the age of 12 months, revaccination – at 6 years. The vaccination provides a lasting protective effect for 15 years.
The calendar of preventive vaccinations also provides for vaccination of children from 6 to 17 years old, who have not been sick and vaccinated once against rubella, as well as double vaccination of girls and women from 18 to 25 years old, who have not been sick and have not been vaccinated previously.
Remember! By refusing vaccination, you are choosing a disease that is severe, with complications, and possibly fatal.
The health of your child is in your hands.
Rubella- acute infectious disease, distinctive feature which is a relatively mild course with the presence of a small-spotted rash, damage to the lymph nodes and a slight short-term fever.
Nature, development and spread of infection
The causative agent of the disease is a virus that spreads by airborne droplets and enters the body through the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. There it multiplies, fixing itself in the lymph nodes, which enlarge in the sick person even before the period of skin rashes begins. Susceptibility to rubella is quite high in both children and adults, among whom the disease is much more severe. However, the rubella virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women, since it penetrates the placenta to the fetus and causes various malformations or (if the disease developed in the last trimester of pregnancy) congenital rubella.
In the body of children with congenital rubella, the virus can remain in a “dormant” state for a long period - up to 31 months, and all this time they are sources of infection for other children. In other cases, the source of infection is a sick person (child or adult). The patient releases the virus into the external environment during the week preceding the period of the rash, and another week after.
Signs and course of the disease
The duration of the latent period is 11-24 days, usually 16-20 days. As a rule, nothing bothers patients before the onset of the rash, although sometimes minor malaise, increased fatigue, and weakness may occur 1-2 days before the onset of the rash.
Body temperature is often subfebrile, not higher than 38 °C. There may be a slight runny nose and sore throat. As a rule, the rash appears on the face on the first day of the disease, then spreads to the trunk and limbs. The rash looks like a small spot with a diameter of 5-7 mm, pink in color, not rising above the surface of the skin. The stain disappears when you press on it.
Typically, the rash is more pronounced in the extensor surfaces of the extremities, on the buttocks, lower back and upper back. They are more abundant on the body than on the face. The duration of the rash, as a rule, does not exceed 2-3 days. Complaints of a dry cough and moderate lacrimation are often noted. Lymph nodes of all groups can be enlarged and painful when palpated, but the most characteristic sign of rubella is an increase in the occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes, which is noted 1-2 days before the onset of the rash.
Complications from rubella are rare, usually in adult patients. Congenital rubella is characterized by multiple defects (including heart defects, microcephaly, deafness), immune deficiency, mental and physical development retardation
Treatment of rubella in children
If the nature of the disease is established (usually recognizing rubella is not difficult), the child is treated at home. Bed rest is prescribed only when high temperature, in other cases it all depends on the child’s well-being. The patient should be given plenty of any liquid (juices, compotes, jelly, tea with milk); during the period of rashes, it is recommended to take calcium supplements in an age-appropriate dosage. After the signs of the disease disappear, the child can take multivitamins.
Memo for parents.
Measles-viral infection, which is characterized by very high susceptibility. If a person has not had measles or has not been vaccinated against this infection, then after contact with a sick person, infection occurs in almost 100% of cases. The measles virus is very volatile. The virus can spread through ventilation pipes and elevator shafts - children living on different floors of the house become ill at the same time.
The period from contact with a person with measles to the appearance of the first signs of the disease lasts from 7 to 14 days.
The disease begins with severe headache, weakness, and fever up to 40 degrees C. A little later, these symptoms are joined by a runny nose, cough and an almost complete lack of appetite.
Very characteristic of measles is the appearance of conjunctivitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, which is manifested by photophobia, lacrimation, severe redness of the eyes, and subsequently the appearance of purulent discharge. These symptoms last for 2 to 4 days.
On the 4th day of the disease a rash appears, which looks like small red spots of various sizes (from 1 to 3 mm in diameter), with a tendency to merge. The rash appears on the face and head (it is especially typical behind the ears) and spreads throughout the body over 3 to 4 days. What is very characteristic of measles is that the rash leaves behind pigmentation (dark spots that last for several days), which disappears in the same sequence as the rash appears.
Measles can cause quite serious complications.. These include pneumonia (pneumonia), inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media), and sometimes such a serious complication as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
It must be remembered that after suffering from measles for a fairly long period of time (up to 2 months), there is suppression of the immune system, so the child may get sick with some kind of cold or viral disease, so you need to protect him from excessive stress, and, if possible, from contact with sick children.
After measles, lasting lifelong immunity develops. All those who have had measles become immune to this infection.
The only reliable protection against the disease is vaccination against measles, which is included in the National Vaccination Calendar.
Memo for parents.
Rubella is a viral infection spread by airborne droplets. As a rule, children who stay in water for a long time with a child who is a source of infection get sick. Rubella is very similar in its manifestations to measles, but it is much milder.
The period from contact to the appearance of the first signs of the disease lasts from 14 to 21 days.
Rubella begins with an enlargement of the occipital lymph nodes and an increase in body temperature to 38 degrees C. A little later, a runny nose and sometimes a cough develop. A rash appears 2–3 days after the onset of the disease. Rubella is characterized by a pinpoint pink rash that begins as a rash on the face and spreads throughout the body. The rash with rubella, unlike measles, never merges, and slight itching may occur. The period of rash can be from several hours, during which not a trace remains of the rash, to 2 days.
Treatment of rubella consists of alleviating the main symptoms - fighting fever, if present, treating a runny nose, expectorants.
Complications from rubella are rare.
After suffering from rubella, immunity also develops; re-infection is extremely rare, but can occur.
Therefore, it is very important to receive the rubella vaccine, which, like the measles vaccine, is included in the National Vaccination Calendar.
Memo for parents.
Mumps (mumps)– a childhood viral infection characterized by acute inflammation in the salivary glands.
Infection occurs by airborne droplets. Susceptibility to this disease is about 50-60% (that is, 50-60% of those who were in contact and were not sick and not vaccinated get sick).
From the moment of contact with a patient with mumps until the onset of the disease, 11–23 days can pass.
Mumps begins with an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees C and severe pain in the ear area or under it, aggravated by swallowing or chewing. At the same time, salivation increases. Swelling in the upper neck and cheek area increases quite quickly; touching this area causes severe pain in the child. Unpleasant symptoms disappear within three to four days: body temperature decreases, swelling decreases, pain goes away.
However, quite often mumps endsinflammation in glandular organs, such as the pancreas (pancreatitis), gonads. Previous pancreatitis in some cases leads to diabetes mellitus. Inflammation of the gonads (testicles) occurs more often in boys. This significantly complicates the course of the disease, and in some cases may end infertility. In particularly severe cases, mumps may be complicated by a viral infection. meningitis(inflammation of the meninges), which is severe.
After an illness, a strong immunity is formed, but complications can lead to disability.
The only reliable protection against the disease is vaccination against mumps, which is included in the National Vaccination Calendar.
Memo for parents.
Varicella (chickenpox)– a typical childhood infection. Mostly children get sick early age or preschoolers. Susceptibility to the causative agent of chickenpox (the virus that causes chickenpox is a herpes virus) is also quite high. About 80% of contacts who have not previously been ill develop chickenpox.
From the moment of contact with a patient with chickenpox until the first signs of the disease appear, 14 to 21 days.
The disease begins from the appearance of the rash. Usually it is one or two reddish spots that look like a mosquito bite. These rash elements can be located on any part of the body, but most often they first appear on the stomach or face. Usually the rash spreads very quickly - new elements appear every few minutes or hours. Reddish spots, which at first look like mosquito bites, the next day take on the appearance of bubbles filled with transparent contents. These blisters are very itchy. The rash spreads throughout the body, to the limbs, and to the scalp. In severe cases, elements of the rash are also present on the mucous membranes - in the mouth, nose, scleral conjunctiva, genitals, and intestines. By the end of the first day of the disease, general health worsens, body temperature rises (up to 40 degrees C and above). The severity of the condition depends on the number of rashes. If elements of the rash are present on the mucous membranes of the pharynx, nose and on the conjunctiva of the sclera, then pharyngitis, rhinitis and conjunctivitis develop due to the addition of a bacterial infection. The blisters break open after a day or two, forming ulcers that become crusty. Headache, poor health, and fever persist until new rashes appear. This usually occurs within 3 to 5 days. Within 5-7 days after the last additions, the rash goes away.
Treatment chickenpox is to reduce itching, intoxication and prevent bacterial complications. The elements of the rash must be lubricated with antiseptic solutions (usually an aqueous solution of brilliant green or manganese). Treatment with coloring antiseptics prevents bacterial infection of rashes and allows you to track the dynamics of the appearance of rashes. It is necessary to monitor the hygiene of the oral cavity and nose, eyes - you can rinse your mouth with a solution of calendula, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth also need to be treated with antiseptic solutions.
Complications of chickenpox include myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle, meningitis and meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the meninges, brain matter), inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis). Fortunately, these complications are quite rare. After chickenpox, as well as after all childhood infections, immunity develops. Re-infection does occur, but is very rare.
Memo for parents.
Scarlet fever is the only childhood infection caused not by viruses, but by bacteria (group A streptococcus). This is an acute disease transmitted by airborne droplets. Infection through household items (toys, dishes) is also possible. Children get sick when they are young and preschool age. Patients are most at risk for infection in the first two to three days of the disease.
Scarlet fever begins very acute with an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees C, vomiting, headache. Most characteristic symptom scarlet fever is angina, in which the mucous membrane of the pharynx has a bright red color, swelling is pronounced. The patient notes a sharp pain when swallowing. There may be a whitish coating on the tongue and tonsils. The tongue subsequently takes on a very characteristic appearance ( "crimson”) - bright pink and coarsely grained.
By the end of the first and beginning of the second day of illness, second A characteristic symptom of scarlet fever is a rash. It appears on several parts of the body at once, most densely located in the folds (elbow, inguinal). Her distinctive feature is that the bright red pinpoint scarlet rash is located on a red background, which creates the impression of a general confluent redness. When pressed on the skin it remains white stripe. The rash may be spread over the entire body, but always remains clean(white) area of skin between upper lip and nose, as well as chin. The itching is much less pronounced than with chickenpox.
The rash lasts up to 2 to 5 days. Manifestations of sore throat persist somewhat longer (up to 7–9 days).
Scarlet fever is usually treated with use of antibiotics, since the causative agent of scarlet fever is a microbe that can be removed with antibiotics and strict adherence to bed rest. Local treatment of sore throat and detoxification (removal of toxins from the body that are formed during the life of microorganisms - for this purpose, give plenty of fluids) are also very important. Vitamins and antipyretics are indicated. Scarlet fever also has enough serious complications. Before the use of antibiotics, scarlet fever often resulted in the development of rheumatism with the formation of acquired heart defects or kidney diseases. Currently, provided that treatment is properly prescribed and recommendations are carefully followed, such complications are rare.
Scarlet fever affects almost exclusively children because with age a person acquires resistance to streptococci. Those who have recovered also acquire lasting immunity.
Memo for parents.
Whooping cough– an acute infectious disease characterized by a long course. A distinctive sign of the disease is a spasmodic cough.
The mechanism of transmission of infection is airborne droplets. A feature of whooping cough is the high susceptibility of children to it, starting from the first days of life.
From the moment of contact with a patient with whooping cough until the first signs of the disease appear, from 3 to 15 days. Feature of whooping cough is a gradual increase in cough over 2 to 3 weeks after its onset.
Typical signs of whooping cough:
- · persistent, intensifying cough, gradually turning into attacks of spasmodic cough (a series of coughing impulses, quickly following each other on one exhalation) with a convulsive inhalation, accompanied by a lingering whistling sound. In infants, such a cough can lead to respiratory arrest. Coughing attacks worsen at night and end with the release of a small amount of viscous sputum, sometimes with vomiting;
- Puffiness of the face, hemorrhages in the sclera;
- · an ulcer on the frenulum of the tongue (due to its injury from the edges of the teeth, since during a coughing attack the tongue protrudes outward to the limit, its tip bends upward).
Whooping cough is often complicated by bronchitis, otitis media, pneumonia, rectal prolapse, umbilical and inguinal hernias.
After suffering from whooping cough for a long time (several months), coughing attacks may return, especially if the child has a cold or during physical exertion.
The only reliable prevention against whooping cough DPT vaccination is a vaccine that is included in the National Vaccination Calendar. Parents' fears about the threat of harmful effects from the vaccine are unfounded. The quality of DTP vaccine is not inferior in its properties to vaccines produced in other countries.
Memo for parents.
Acute intestinal infections is a large group of diseases that occur with more or less similar symptoms, but can be caused by a huge number of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, protozoan microorganisms.
Summer quantity intestinal infections inevitably increases in children. There are several reasons for this.
Firstly, used as food in summer a large number of raw vegetables, fruits and berries, on the unwashed surface of which a huge number of microbes live, including potentially dangerous ones.
Secondly, in the summer children spend a lot of time outside, and even their parents do not always remember that eating with clean hands is a must.
Third reason: in the summer, when they get into food products (dairy products, meat, fish, broths), some pathogenic microorganisms multiply at enormous speed and quickly reach quantities that successfully break through the protective barriers of the gastrointestinal tract.
From the moment of introduction of the pathogen V gastrointestinal tract It can take from several hours to 7 days before the onset of the disease.
The disease begins with increased body temperature, malaise, weakness, lethargy. Appetite is sharply reduced, nausea and vomiting quickly follow. The stool is loose and frequent with impurities. The consequence of fluid loss is dry mucous membranes and skin, facial features become sharper, the child loses weight, and urinates little. The facial expression is pained. If your child shows any of the above signs of illness, call a doctor immediately. Self-medication is unacceptable.
Prevention of intestinal infections requires strict adherence to general hygiene measures in everyday life, when preparing food and while eating.
In summer, all food products should be covered from flies. Prepared food should be stored in the refrigerator: at low temperatures, even if microbes get into the food, they will not be able to multiply. The disease can also be caused by indiscriminate purchasing of food products that are eaten without heat treatment - from hand, outside markets, where they do not undergo sanitary control. When swimming in open waters, under no circumstances should you allow yourself to swallow water. If you eat on the beach, wipe your hands with at least special wet wipes.
And remember that the personal example of parents is The best way child's education.
Memo for parents.
Tuberculosis- a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacteria human tuberculosis, which mainly affects the respiratory system, as well as all organs and systems of the body.
Source of infection are people with tuberculosis. The most common route of infection is airborne. Transmission factors include nasopharyngeal mucus, sputum and dust containing bacteria.
The proliferation of tuberculosis bacteria in the child’s body leads to significant functional disorders with symptoms of intoxication: irritability or, conversely, lethargy appears, fast fatiguability, headache, sweating. Body temperature rises to 37.2 - 37.3 o, sleep and appetite are disturbed. With a long course of the disease, the child loses weight, the skin becomes pale, and there is a tendency to inflammatory diseases. For children, the reaction from the lymph nodes is typical: they increase in size and become dense. If left untreated, the disease may progress to more severe forms.
For diagnostics tuberculosis intoxication, it is important to determine infection using tuberculin tests, and for children from 12 years old - also with the help fluorography.
It is very important for the prevention of tuberculosis: to lead healthy image life, strictly observe sanitary and hygienic rules: wash your hands before eating, do not eat unwashed vegetables and fruits, as well as dairy products that have not passed sanitary control, eat well, exercise, pay attention to changes in health.
An important point for the prevention of tuberculosis is the annual Mantoux test, which gives a positive result when pathogenic bacteria penetrate the child’s body.
In the Republic of Buryatia, the incidence of rubella since 2012 has been not registered. The last case of rubella was in 2011 in a resident of China who arrived in the republic without information on immunization. There are no registered cases of birth of children with congenital rubella syndrome.
In the majority of cases, this infection does not pose a danger to either children or adults; complications with it occur in very rare cases. But things are completely different if a pregnant woman falls ill.
Why is rubella dangerous for pregnant women?
The disease is dangerous not for the woman herself, but for the unborn child. This is due to the fact that the rubella virus freely penetrates the placenta during pregnancy and reaches the fetus, affecting its tissues. Rubella has a particularly negative impact on the health of the unborn baby and the continuation of pregnancy if the infection occurs in the early stages (in the first trimester). In the first three months, the formation of all the child’s organs occurs, so this period is the most important. Infection at this stage of pregnancy often leads to disturbances in embryonic development, fetal death, miscarriage, and complications during childbirth.
Depending on what stage of pregnancy the infection occurred, the likelihood of developing various fetal pathologies is as follows:
- from 0 to 11 weeks - 90%;
- from 11 to 12 weeks - 34%;
- from 13 to 14 weeks - 26%;
- from 15 to 16 weeks - 9%.
Defeats nervous system The fetal body is observed during infection in the period from 3 to 11 weeks of pregnancy, the organs of vision and heart - from 4 to 7 weeks, the organs of hearing - from 7 to 12 weeks. When infected after the 20th week of pregnancy, the risk of developing abnormalities in the fetus is significantly reduced, but the likelihood of developing chronic infections with damage to the nervous system remains high.
Considering the above, detection of the rubella virus in the blood during pregnancy in the first trimester is an indication for its artificial termination.
Diagnosis of rubella in pregnant women
The first clinical signs of the disease are swelling of the post-cervical, post-auricular and occipital lymph nodes and the appearance of a pinkish rash on the face, which quickly spreads throughout the body. Body temperature may rise slightly or be within normal limits. Other symptoms of rubella in pregnant women include:
- general weakness;
- joint pain;
- photophobia.
However, forms of the disease with an asymptomatic course are often found.
All women planning pregnancy and already pregnant are advised to undergo laboratory analysis for rubella. To do this, blood is taken from a vein on an empty stomach and examined by enzyme immunoassay, which determines the levels of immunoglobulin M antibodies, which appears in the acute period of the disease, as well as immunoglobulin G, indicating existing immunity to infection. A favorable interpretation of the test for rubella during pregnancy is as follows: “IgM -, IgG +”.
Prevention of rubella in pregnant women
The main preventive measure is vaccination, which should be carried out before the planned conception of a child (no earlier than three months). It is recommended to be vaccinated against rubella even if a woman is sure that she has previously had this disease, because cases of re-infection are known. Before this, you should be tested for antibodies to the virus. Women who work in children's groups, where outbreaks of the disease are most likely, should be especially careful.
If pregnancy has already occurred, then the only way to prevent it is to avoid contact with people with rubella, who are considered contagious, starting from the seventh day before the rash appears and another seven to ten days after it disappears.
It does not give much success due to the isolation of the virus from the throat 7 days before the onset of symptoms (if any). For passive prevention, rubella immunoglobulin is used. Its use is recommended for seronegative women exposed to rubella in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy. To reduce the incidence of embryopathies caused by rubella, it is necessary to study the serological status of women before pregnancy and vaccinate seronegative women 2-3 months before planned conception. If the titer of anti-rubella antibodies is low (less than 15 IU/ml), vaccination should also be carried out. Like any live vaccine, the rubella vaccine should not be given during pregnancy, but in cases of accidental vaccination the pregnancy is not usually terminated.
In seronegative women, immunity to rubella should be tested twice during pregnancy (in early dates pregnancy and after 16 weeks of pregnancy). If IgM is detected or IgG increases in paired sera before 16 weeks of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended due to the high risk of fetal malformations. If a woman refuses to terminate her pregnancy, administration of large doses of anti-rubella immunoglobulin is recommended. The administration of this immunoglobulin is also recommended for seronegative pregnant women who have had contact with rubella patients. If a woman is infected with rubella after 4 months of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is not indicated due to the low risk of intrauterine damage to the fetus at this stage of pregnancy. In cases of rubella, there is no special management for childbirth or the postpartum period.
